The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, is a unique salamander known for its perpetually youthful appearance. This amphibian exhibits neoteny, retaining its larval characteristics and remaining fully aquatic throughout its life, never undergoing metamorphosis to live on land. It is characterized by a wide head, lidless eyes, and prominent, feathery external gills. Native exclusively to the lake complex of Xochimilco and Chalco near Mexico City, the axolotl has become a popular pet worldwide due to its unusual look.
Legality and Ownership Restrictions
While the axolotl is widely available in the pet trade, ownership is subject to governmental regulations that vary significantly by location. In the United States, ownership is generally permitted, but several jurisdictions have enacted outright bans or require special permits. For instance, the axolotl is illegal to possess in states like California, Maine, and New Jersey, as well as the District of Columbia.
These restrictions stem from concern over the potential for the axolotl to become an invasive species if released. If introduced into local waterways, they could disrupt existing ecosystems or outcompete native salamanders. Other states, such as Hawaii and New Mexico, require owners to obtain a permit to legally possess or import the animal. Prospective owners must check their local municipal and state laws before acquiring an axolotl.
Essential Habitat and Water Requirements
Providing a suitable aquatic environment is the most demanding aspect of axolotl care due to their sensitivity to water quality and temperature. A single adult axolotl, which grows up to 9 to 12 inches long, requires a minimum 20-gallon aquarium. Longer and wider tanks are preferred over tall ones to maximize floor space.
Substrate choice is important because axolotls are bottom-dwellers that often ingest material while feeding. Fine sand is recommended for adults, while bare-bottom tanks are the safest option for juveniles to prevent impaction. Axolotls are cold-water animals that thrive in a narrow range of 60 to 70°F (16 to 20°C). Temperatures consistently above 70°F (21°C) cause stress and health issues, often requiring an aquarium chiller.
Filtration is necessary to manage waste, but the system must provide a low-flow current. Strong water movement can stress the animal and damage its delicate external gills. A properly cycled filter converts toxic ammonia and nitrite into nitrate, which must be kept low through regular partial water changes.
The habitat should include several hiding spots, such as caves or smooth driftwood, to provide security and shelter from light. Axolotls prefer dim conditions since they do not have eyelids, and providing cover helps reduce stress. All decorations must have smooth edges to avoid tearing the animal’s permeable skin or gills.
Diet, Handling, and Longevity
Axolotls are carnivores and require a protein-rich diet that mimics their native consumption of worms, insects, and small fish. The standard for adult nutrition is earthworms, specifically European nightcrawlers, which offer a complete nutritional profile. High-quality sinking pellets formulated for amphibians can also serve as a staple, supplemented with frozen foods like bloodworms or brine shrimp.
Owners should avoid feeding live feeder fish, which can carry parasites or injure the axolotl, and must remove any uneaten food promptly to prevent water fouling. Handling should be avoided unless necessary, as the animal’s delicate skin and gills are easily damaged. If an axolotl must be moved, gently guide it into a container or use a soft net to minimize stress. With proper care and a consistent diet, a captive axolotl typically lives for 10 to 15 years.