Many expectant mothers question the safety of their self-tanning routine during pregnancy. The primary concern centers on whether the ingredients in these products can be absorbed into the body and potentially affect the developing baby. Understanding the science behind sunless tanning and the different application methods is necessary to make an informed choice. This article breaks down the current medical consensus on the active ingredient and the risks associated with various self-tanning methods.
Safety of the Active Ingredient: Dihydroxyacetone (DHA)
The active ingredient in nearly all self-tanning products is Dihydroxyacetone (DHA). DHA is a colorless sugar derived from plant sources like sugar beets or sugar cane. It works by initiating a chemical reaction with amino acids in the dead cells of the skin’s outermost layer (stratum corneum). This reaction produces a temporary brown pigment called melanoidin, which mimics a natural tan.
Medical guidance generally considers DHA safe for topical use during pregnancy when applied as a cream, lotion, or mousse. This consensus is based on the fact that DHA only penetrates the dead skin cells and is not absorbed into the bloodstream in any significant amount. Laboratory models suggest that less than 1% of the DHA applied topically is absorbed systemically. Therefore, DHA does not pose a known risk to the fetus when used as directed.
Inhalation Risk from Spray Formulas
While topical application of DHA is considered low-risk, the method of application is a concern when using spray formulas. Spray tans, mists, and aerosol products create a fine cloud of solution that can be easily inhaled. This introduces the possibility of DHA and other ingredients reaching the lungs and mucous membranes.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved DHA for external use on the skin but not for use near mucous membranes or for inhalation. There is a lack of research on the effects of inhaled DHA on the respiratory system, and the potential for systemic absorption through the lungs remains unknown. Due to this uncertainty, many doctors recommend avoiding professional spray tan booths and at-home aerosol products during pregnancy. If a spray application is unavoidable, ensure the area is well-ventilated and protect the eyes, nose, and mouth to minimize inhalation.
Practical Considerations and Alternatives
Skin Sensitivity and Patch Testing
Pregnancy hormones can significantly alter the skin’s condition, often making it more sensitive or reactive than usual. Even if a self-tanner was used without issue before pregnancy, the skin may now be prone to irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test with any product at least 24 hours before a full application. Apply a small amount to a discreet area of skin, such as the inner elbow, to check for redness or irritation.
Application Safety and Alternatives
When applying any self-tanning product, ensure the process takes place in a well-ventilated space to avoid inhaling fumes or fragrances. Also, avoid applying the product to any broken, cut, or irritated skin. This prevents increased potential for absorption beyond the dead skin layer. For those who prefer to avoid DHA altogether, safer alternatives are available to achieve a temporary glow. These options include wash-off bronzers or gradual tanning moisturizers, which contain a much lower concentration of DHA and are applied over several days.