The Colosseum, an iconic symbol of ancient Rome, continues to captivate millions with its grandeur and historical significance. This architectural marvel stands as a testament to Roman engineering prowess and their sophisticated understanding of large-scale construction. Its enduring presence sparks curiosity about its origins and the immense effort involved in its creation.
The Construction Duration
The Colosseum, originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, was built remarkably swiftly for its scale. Work began under Emperor Vespasian in 72 AD and was largely completed by his son, Emperor Titus, in 80 AD. Minor modifications and additions, such as the hypogeum, continued under Emperor Domitian, Titus’s brother, until around 82 AD.
Imperial Leadership and Milestones
Emperor Vespasian initiated the Colosseum project around 70 AD, driven by political strategy and public appeasement after Nero’s extravagant reign. He aimed to restore public faith, legitimize his Flavian dynasty, and return land appropriated by Nero for his Golden House to the Roman people by building a public entertainment venue.
The project was primarily funded by spoils from the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD. Many enslaved Jewish people from Judaea were also brought to Rome and contributed significantly to the massive workforce. Vespasian oversaw the completion of the Colosseum up to the third story before his death in 79 AD. His son and successor, Titus, then took charge, completing the top level and officially dedicating the amphitheater in 80 AD.
Innovative Building Methods
The rapid construction of the Colosseum was possible due to advanced Roman engineering and efficient building practices. Romans utilized travertine limestone for the main framework, volcanic tufa for secondary walls, and brick-faced concrete for the inner bowl and arcade vaults. Roman concrete, opus caementicium, was a key material composed of lime, volcanic ash (pozzolana), water, and aggregates. This concrete was strong, durable, and water-resistant, creating robust foundations and vaults.
The Colosseum’s design incorporated a complex system of barrel vaults and groin vaults, enabling it to be a freestanding structure unlike many earlier amphitheaters built into hillsides. Builders also employed a systematic approach, dividing work among multiple construction companies, allowing different sections to be built simultaneously. Heavy materials like travertine blocks were transported from quarries about 20 miles away, and large lifting cranes powered by treadwheels were used to hoist these stones into place. Standardized parts like chairs and steps were prefabricated in workshops and then installed, further accelerating the construction process.
The Colosseum’s Inauguration and Early Use
Following its completion, Emperor Titus inaugurated the Colosseum in 80 AD with lavish games lasting over 100 days. These spectacles entertained the Roman populace and celebrated the Flavian dynasty’s achievements. The inaugural games featured gladiatorial contests, animal hunts with exotic animals, and mock naval battles, or naumachiae.
For animal spectacles, thousands of animals, including lions, leopards, elephants, and bears, were slain. Midday executions of criminals also took place, sometimes staged as re-enactments of mythological stories. The amphitheater accommodated an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators, shaded by a retractable awning called a velarium, operated by Roman sailors. During festivities, gifts and tokens, known as missilia, were sometimes scattered among the audience.