A malfunctioning heating element is a common reason an electric water heater stops producing hot water or struggles to maintain a consistent temperature. This component converts electrical energy into the thermal energy needed to heat the water inside the tank. Replacing a faulty element is a manageable repair that can restore your hot water supply without requiring a full unit replacement. The process involves careful preparation, electrical safety checks, and mechanical steps to swap the old part for a new one.
Safety First: Preparation and Tools
Before beginning any work, cut the electrical power to the water heater at the main circuit breaker panel. Since you will be working directly with high-voltage wiring (typically 240 volts), this prevents a severe shock hazard. After turning off the breaker, use a non-contact voltage tester or a multimeter to confirm the power is completely off at the element’s terminal screws.
Next, shut off the cold water supply valve leading into the water heater to prevent the tank from refilling during the repair. The tank then needs to be partially drained so the water level is below the element you plan to replace. To do this, attach a standard garden hose to the drain valve at the bottom of the tank and run the hose to a suitable drain location.
Opening a hot water faucet will break the vacuum inside the tank, allowing the water to drain more quickly. You only need to drain enough water to expose the element, usually just a few gallons. Essential tools include a new heating element matching the correct voltage and wattage, an element wrench or socket (often 1 1/2 inches), a screwdriver, and Teflon tape or pipe joint compound for sealing.
The Step-by-Step Replacement Process
Once the power is confirmed off and the water is drained, remove the access panel cover and fold back the insulation to expose the element and its wiring. Before disconnecting anything, take a photograph of the wiring configuration to ensure the new element is connected correctly. The wires are secured to the element’s terminal screws; loosen these screws to detach the wires and push them aside.
The old element is removed using the specialized element wrench or socket, turning it counterclockwise. If the element is heavily corroded or stuck, applying a penetrating oil and allowing it to sit for a few minutes can help break the bond. Carefully pull the element out of the tank opening, noting any scale or mineral deposits built up on its surface.
Before installing the replacement, inspect the tank opening and clean the threads to ensure a proper seal. The new element should be fitted with a new gasket; applying Teflon tape or pipe joint compound enhances the watertight seal. Insert the new element into the opening and tighten it securely with the element wrench, turning clockwise, but avoid overtightening, which can damage the gasket or threads.
With the new element secured, reconnect the electrical wires to the terminal screws exactly as they were on the old element, referencing your photograph. Wrap the wires clockwise around the screws before tightening them down firmly to ensure a secure electrical connection. A loose connection can cause resistance, leading to heat buildup and potential failure.
Testing and Finalizing the Repair
After the element is installed and wired, close the drain valve and turn the cold water supply valve back on. To prevent the new element from burning out, the tank must be completely full of water before power is restored. Open a hot water faucet and let it run until a smooth, steady stream of water flows, indicating all air has been purged from the tank.
With the tank full, inspect the area around the new element for any signs of leakage. If a leak is present, immediately shut off the water supply and tighten the element slightly until the leak stops. Only after confirming the tank is full and leak-free should you return to the main panel and switch the circuit breaker back to the “on” position.
Allow the water heater time to heat the water, which can take an hour or two depending on the tank size and element wattage. If the water is not heating, check the reset button on the thermostat and the wiring connections to ensure they are tight. A persistent leak or failure to heat may indicate a damaged gasket or a wiring error, requiring a re-check of the installation steps.