Fig trees (Ficus carica) require protection in regions where winter temperatures consistently drop below 15°F to 20°F. While the roots of a mature fig tree can often survive colder temperatures, the above-ground branches and buds are susceptible to dieback, which severely limits the following season’s fruit production. Wrapping the tree is the most common and effective method for insulating the wood, preserving the apical and lateral buds that produce the earliest crop of figs. This process creates a microclimate around the tree, trapping warmth and shielding the branches from harsh winter winds and extreme cold.
Preparing the Fig Tree for Winter
Wrapping should occur after the tree has entered full dormancy, which is signaled by the complete drop of all leaves. This usually happens after the first few hard frosts, but before sustained deep freezes are expected. Waiting until the tree is fully dormant prevents the wrapping process from trapping moisture and heat, which can lead to mold or premature bud break.
Before wrapping, perform light pruning to remove any dead, diseased, or crossing branches. This makes the tree easier to manage and compact for wrapping, but heavy pruning should be reserved for the spring, as the preserved branch tips are where the earliest figs will form. Ensuring the tree is well-hydrated before the ground freezes is also beneficial, as dry roots are more vulnerable to cold damage.
Essential Materials for Protection
A successful winter wrap relies on materials that provide insulation, weather resistance, and breathability.
Tying and Insulation
For tying the branches, use soft jute twine or a similar flexible rope that will not cut into the bark. The primary insulation layer should be a loose, breathable material like straw, shredded leaves, or pine needles, which traps air and provides a thermal barrier.
Outer Layer and Securing
The outer layer requires a water-resistant and breathable material to prevent moisture buildup, which is the main cause of rot and mold. Heavy-duty burlap, canvas, or specialized tree wrap are suitable. Materials like tar paper or roofing felt can be used as a secondary, water-repellent layer. Securing the structure requires durable items such as duct tape, heavy-duty zip ties, or strong twine.
Step-by-Step Wrapping Technique
Bundling the Branches
Gently bundle the fig tree’s branches into a compact, vertical column. Starting from the bottom, use soft twine to loosely tie the branches together, working up the trunk to create a manageable, narrow shape. This minimizes the surface area exposed to the cold and makes subsequent wrapping layers easier to apply.
Protecting the Base
Protect the base and roots by creating a cylinder around the trunk using chicken wire or a similar mesh material. This cage should extend about 18 inches high and be filled with loose insulating material, such as straw or leaves. This protects the graft union and the crown of the tree from freezing temperatures and traps heat radiating from the soil.
Applying Insulation
Once the base is protected, apply the main insulation layer to the bundled branches. Wrap the entire column with a thick layer of burlap or a similar insulating fabric, securing it with twine as you go. This layer provides the bulk of the thermal protection by creating air pockets that slow heat transfer.
Adding the Weather Barrier
Apply the outer weather barrier to shield the insulation from rain and snow. Wrap the entire structure with the water-resistant material, such as heavy burlap or tar paper, ensuring it overlaps to shed water effectively. Secure the top of the wrap with a plastic bucket or a tightly sealed cap to prevent moisture from entering the column. The bottom edge of the wrap should be secured to the ground or covered with mulch to prevent wind from blowing cold air up into the insulation.
Unwrapping and Spring Transition
The wrap should remain in place until early to mid-spring when temperatures rise consistently. Removing the wrap too early risks exposing the preserved buds to a late freeze. Leaving it on too long can cause the tree to overheat and promote mold growth as the weather warms.
Unwrapping should be done gradually to prevent sun scald, which occurs when bark is suddenly exposed to intense sunlight after months of shade. Remove the outer layers on a cloudy day or in the late afternoon to allow the tree to acclimate slowly. After the layers are removed, inspect the branches for winter damage. Begin normal spring watering and feeding once the tree shows signs of active growth.