Many individuals question the safety of synthetic materials in clothing. Acrylic, a common fiber in many wardrobes, often prompts inquiries into its potential health impacts when worn. Understanding the properties of acrylic and its manufacturing process helps clarify concerns about its interaction with the body. This article explores acrylic fiber, its effects on wearers, and safer clothing choices.
Understanding Acrylic Fiber
Acrylic fiber is a synthetic material primarily composed of polyacrylonitrile (at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer). It’s typically manufactured from petroleum-based chemicals, with comonomers like vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate often included to enhance specific properties. The production process involves free-radical polymerization, followed by dissolving the polymer in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or aqueous sodium thiocyanate. This solution is then extruded through tiny holes in a spinneret, solidifying into filaments through either wet or dry spinning methods.
After spinning, filaments undergo washing, stretching, drying, and crimping. Acrylic fibers offer warmth, softness, and light weight, often mimicking wool. They resist wrinkles, retain dye well, and are resilient against fading, mildew, and insects. Despite these advantages, acrylic fabrics are not highly breathable and can be prone to pilling with wear. Common uses include sweaters, hats, socks, blankets, and faux fur.
Direct Health Considerations for Wearers
Wearing acrylic clothing poses a low immediate health risk for most. While the raw materials, such as acrylonitrile, are classified as carcinogens and present significant health hazards during the manufacturing process for exposed workers, these chemicals are largely transformed or removed in the finished fiber. Thus, direct systemic toxicity from wearing acrylic is minimal.
However, acrylic’s non-breathable nature can lead to skin irritation. Trapped moisture and heat can cause rashes, itching, or worsen conditions like acne and dermatitis, particularly for sensitive skin. Chemical residues from dyes, processing agents, or finishes like formaldehyde, which is sometimes used for wrinkle resistance or to prevent mildew, can also trigger contact dermatitis or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. These substances can off-gas from new garments, contributing to indoor air pollution, though typically at low levels. Some acrylic products may also be treated with flame retardants due to the fiber’s flammability, introducing additional chemical compounds that could have health implications.
Microplastic shedding is another concern with acrylic textiles. These synthetic fibers release microscopic plastic particles during normal wear and especially during washing. These microplastics can become airborne and may be inhaled or ingested. While research is ongoing, some studies suggest that inhaled or ingested microplastics could potentially contribute to inflammatory responses, endocrine disruption, or act as carriers for other harmful chemicals within the body. There is also emerging research exploring the dermal absorption of microplastics and associated chemicals when they leach into sweat.
Safer Practices and Alternatives
To mitigate concerns with acrylic, several practical steps can be adopted. Washing new acrylic garments before their first wear is a widely recommended practice. This helps to remove residual chemicals, excess dyes, and finishes, including formaldehyde, which can cause skin irritation or off-gassing. Using fragrance-free detergents for this initial wash can further reduce exposure to potential irritants.
Proper ventilation for new items, particularly those with a noticeable “new clothing smell,” can aid in dissipating any volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present. Consumers can identify acrylic by checking clothing labels, which typically list “acrylic” or “polyacrylonitrile” in the material composition. This awareness allows for informed decisions regarding purchases and care.
For acrylic alternatives, a range of natural and other synthetic fibers offer different properties. Natural options include cotton, especially organic varieties, which are often breathable and suitable for sensitive skin. Wool, particularly Merino wool, provides warmth while also offering breathability and moisture-wicking capabilities. Other natural fibers like linen, hemp, and silk are also valued for their comfort and inherent properties.
If synthetic fibers are preferred, options such as recycled polyester, Tencel (lyocell), and Modal present different profiles. Tencel, derived from wood cellulose, is known for natural wrinkle resistance and cooling properties, while recycled polyester helps reduce reliance on new petrochemicals.