A Grade Point Average is a standardized numerical measure used by academic institutions to evaluate a student’s performance over time. This figure converts letter grades into a single, comparable metric, typically on a 4.0 scale. Academic records, however, track performance using two distinct metrics: the Term GPA and the Cumulative GPA. These calculations serve different purposes, providing both a snapshot of recent achievement and a comprehensive view of academic history. Understanding the difference between these two figures is important for tracking progress and meeting various academic requirements.
Understanding Term GPA
Term GPA represents the average of all grades earned exclusively within a single, defined academic period, such as a semester, quarter, or trimester. This calculation provides a focused measure of a student’s performance during that short-term window.
The calculation involves converting the letter grade for each course into its corresponding grade point value, such as 4.0 for an A or 3.0 for a B. These grade points are then multiplied by the credit hours assigned to each course to determine the total quality points earned for the term. The Term GPA is finalized by dividing the total quality points by the total credit hours attempted. Because it is based on a small number of courses, the Term GPA is highly sensitive to individual grades, meaning a single low grade can significantly impact the final figure.
Understanding Cumulative GPA
Cumulative GPA is the running average of all grades earned across every academic period a student has completed at a specific institution. This metric reflects a student’s overall academic performance from the beginning of their studies up to the present.
To calculate the Cumulative GPA, the process aggregates data from all completed terms. It requires summing the total quality points earned from every course and dividing that total by the total credit hours attempted across all terms. This calculation method ensures that the Cumulative GPA is a comprehensive, long-term indicator of consistency. The figure changes only when a new term’s grades are officially recorded, making it a much more stable number than the Term GPA.
Why the Distinction Matters
The difference between Term and Cumulative GPA is significant because each figure is used for different academic and administrative purposes. Term GPA functions as a short-term performance indicator, often used to determine immediate academic standing. For example, institutions use the Term GPA to decide eligibility for the Dean’s List or other academic honors for that semester.
This short-term metric is also frequently used to identify students who may be struggling, as a low Term GPA can trigger academic probation or suspension. Conversely, the Cumulative GPA serves as the official, long-term academic record used for external and high-stakes evaluations.
The Cumulative GPA is the figure that appears on a student’s official transcript and is the primary metric for determining graduation eligibility. It is also the standard measure used for assessing eligibility for scholarships, financial aid, and transfer admissions. While the Term GPA provides immediate feedback on recent performance, the Cumulative GPA ultimately defines a student’s overall academic profile for future opportunities like graduate school applications or entry-level employment.